Gentamicin sulfate
Brand Name: Garamycin, G-myticin
Pregnancy Category C
Drug class: Aminoglycoside
Therapeutic actions
Bactericidal: inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria; appears to disrupt functional integrity of bacterial cell membrane, causing cell death.
Indications
Parenteral
· Serious infections caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia species, Citrobacter, Staphylococcus sp.
· In serious infections when causative organisms are not known (often in conjunction with a penicillin or cephalosporin)
· Unlabeled use: with clindamycin as alternative regimen in PID
Intrathecal
· For serious CNS infections caused by susceptible Pseudomonas species
Ophthalmic preparations
· Treatment of superficial ocular infections due to strains of microorganisms susceptible to gentamicin
Topical dermatologic preparation
· Infection prophylaxis in minor skin abrasions and treatment of superficial infections of the skin due to susceptible organisms amenable to local treatment
Gentamicin-impregnated PMAA beads on surgical wire
· Orphan drug use: treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of post-traumatic, postoperative, or hematogenous origin
Gentamicin liposome injection
· Orphan drug use: treatment of disseminated Myobacterium avium-intracellulare infection
Contraindications
· Contraindicated with allergy to any aminoglycosides; renal or hepatic disease; preexisting hearing loss; active infection with herpes, vaccinia, varicella, fungal infections, myobacterial infections (ophthalmic preparations); myasthenia gravis; parkinsonism; infant botulism; lactation.
Adverse effects
Ototoxicity--tinnitus, dizziness, vertigo, deafness (partially reversible to irreversible), vestibular paralysis, confusion, disorientation, depression, lethargy, nystagmus, visual disturbances, headache, numbness, tingling, tremor, paresthesias, muscle twitching, convulsions, muscular weakness, neuromuscular blockade
Palpitations, hypotension, hypertension
Hepatic toxicity, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, stomatitis, increased salivation
Nephrotoxicity
Leukemoid reaction, agranulocytosis, granulocytosis, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, pancytopenia, anemia, hemolytic anemia, increased or decreased reticulocyte count, electrolyte disturbances
Purpura, rash, urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis, itching
Pain, irritation, arachnoiditis at IM injection sites
Fever, apnea, splenomegaly, joint pain, superinfections
Drug Interactions:
· Increased ototoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic effects with other aminoglycosides, cephalothin, potent diuretics
· Increased neuromuscular blockade and muscular paralysis with anesthetics, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, succinylcholine, citrate-anticoagulated blood
· Potential inactivation of both drugs if mixed with beta-lactam–type antibiotics (space doses with concomitant therapy)
· Increased bactericidal effect with penicillins, cephalosporins (to treat some gram-negative organisms and enterococci), carbenicillin, ticarcillin (to treat Pseudomonas infections)
Nursing considerations
· Give by IM route if at all possible; give by deep IM injection.
· Culture infected area before therapy.
· Use 2 mg/mL intrathecal preparation without preservatives, for intrathecal use.
· Cleanse area before application of dermatologic preparations.
· Ensure adequate hydration of patient before and during therapy.
· Monitor renal function tests, complete blood counts, serum drug levels during long-term therapy. Consult with prescriber to adjust dosage.
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